Kidney Stones: The Daily PANCE Blueprint

The answer is C. Calcium oxalate

Nephrolithiasis is not uncommon; ~2-3% of the general population will suffer from kidney stones, with white males being at the highest risk. The classic presentation is colicky excruciating unilateral flank or lower abdominal pain (not relieved with postural changes). The most important risk factor for stones is decreased fluid intake (with subsequent high urine concentration). In general, the most common type of kidney stone is calcium oxalate. Risk factors associated with calcium oxalate stone formation include family history, malabsorptive states, medications (like acyclovir), obesity, hypertension, etc. Diagnostic tests include urinalysis (may see pyuria and hematuria), urine culture, and a non-contrast CT scan of the abdomen/pelvis. If a stone is <5 mm it is likely to pass on its own and thus these patients can be given conservative treatment (fluids, alpha-blocker, and pain meds prn.) Those who need a urology consultation include those with a stone unlikely to pass or patients who also have sepsis, anuria, acute renal failure, or bilateral obstruction.