PANCE Blueprint Endocrinology (7%)

Patient will present as → a 25-year-old male presents complaining of extreme weakness, 20-lb weight loss, lightheadedness, and dizziness. On physical exam, he appears ill, and his blood pressure is 90/70 mm Hg. He has dark skin and hyperpigmented creases on his palms. Serum sodium is low, potassium is elevated; urea level and serum calcium are both elevated as well.

Adrenal insufficiency can be primary or secondary, and chronic or acute.

• Primary, or Addison’s disease, is due to autoimmune factors, infections, or disease within the adrenal gland. This causes a decrease in cortisol secretion.
• Secondary factors include a pituitary adenoma or discontinuation of steroid use
• Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening emergency of acute adrenal insufficiency

Primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) - adrenal gland destruction causing lack of cortisol and aldosterone secretion usually autoimmune

↑ ACTH (from pituitary hypersecretion) ↓ Cortisol (failure of the adrenal cortex) ↓ Aldosterone

• AUTOIMMUNE: About 70% of cases in the US are due to idiopathic atrophy of the adrenal cortex, probably caused by autoimmune processes.
• Infectious: Destruction of the adrenal gland (i.e Tuberculosis)
• Vascular: thrombosis or hemorrhage into the adrenal gland
• Metastatic disease
• Medications: ketoconazole, rifampin, phenytoin, barbiturates

Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency - PITUITARY FAILURE which results in ↓ ACTH (from pituitary failure) ↓ Cortisol and normal aldosterone 

1. Exogenous steroid use is the most common secondary insufficiency
2. Hypopituitarism

For initial diagnosis in chronic adrenal insufficiency do an 8 AM serum cortisol and plasma ACTH along with an ACTH stimulation test (should be high dose)

Elevated ACTH with low cortisol is diagnostic, particularly in patients who are severely stressed or in shock. Low ACTH and low cortisol suggest secondary adrenal insufficiency

1. High Dose ACTH Cosyntropin Stimulation Test: Blood or urine cortisol are measured after an IM injection of ACTH
   • The normal response is a rise in blood and urine cortisol levels after ACTH is given
   • Adrenal insufficiency results in little or no increase in cortisol levels after ACTH is given
2. CRH Stimulation Test: differentiates between causes of adrenal insufficiency
   1. Primary/Addison's (Adrenal) - produces high levels of ACTH but low cortisol
   2. Secondary (pituitary) - low ACTH and low cortisol

In Western societies, the cause is usually assumed to be autoimmune, unless there is evidence otherwise.

• Adrenal autoantibodies can be assessed.
• A chest x-ray should be done for TB; if doubt exists, CT of the adrenals is helpful.
• In patients with autoimmune disease, the adrenals are atrophied, whereas in patients with TB or other granulomas, the adrenals are enlarged (initially) with frequent calcification.
• Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, particularly in children and young adults, suggests a genetic enzyme defect.

Addison’s disease should be treated with cortisol replacement therapy.  Patients may also require androgen replacement therapy.

With secondary adrenal insufficiency, the cause should be the focus of treatment.  This could entail resection of a pituitary adenoma.  Patients going off steroid therapy should be slowly weaned off the medication to prevent adrenal insufficiency. Complications: Addisonian crisis, shock, seizure, coma.

• Treatment is by hormone replacement - Glucocorticoids + Mineralocorticoids in Addison's disease
  • Synthetic glucocorticoids: Hydrocortisone or prednisone, hydrocortisone is 1st line
  • Synthetic mineralocorticoid: Fludrocortisone for primary Addison's disease only