Vesicoureteral reflux: The Daily PANCE Blueprint

The answer is E. Voiding cystourethrography

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is essentially defined as the backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter. It is more common in children. There are 2 types: primary and secondary. Primary VUR is due to a short intramural ureter. Secondary VUR, in contrast, results from increased bladder pressure or anatomical abnormalities such as bladder outlet obstruction (eg, posterior urethral valves, urethral stricture) or congenital anomalies like an ectopic ureter. Clinical features include recurrent UTIs. Workup may include UA, urine culture, renal function test, ultrasound, and voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). VCUG is considered the gold standard for diagnosing vesicoureteral reflux. Treatment depends on the patient/case.