The answer is E. Overnight polysomnography
Loud snoring with witnessed apneas, daytime sleepiness, obesity, and resistant hypertension is obstructive sleep apnea, and the diagnostic test is overnight polysomnography — the sleep study remains the gold standard, and a home sleep apnea test is an acceptable alternative in patients with a high pretest probability and no significant cardiopulmonary comorbidity. The mechanism is mechanical: during sleep the pharyngeal dilator muscles relax, and in an airway already narrowed by adipose tissue and crowded soft tissue the pharynx collapses. The patient continues to make respiratory effort against a closed airway — that distinction is the whole difference from central apnea, where effort ceases — until desaturation and rising CO2 trigger a brief arousal that reopens it. That cycle repeats dozens or hundreds of times a night, and it is the fragmentation of sleep, not its total duration, that produces the daytime somnolence. Severity is graded by the apnea-hypopnea index: 5 to 14 events per hour is mild, 15 to 29 moderate, and 30 or more severe. The consequences are cardiovascular and are the reason this matters beyond fatigue. Each apneic episode drives a surge of sympathetic tone and intrathoracic pressure swings, producing resistant hypertension — his 152/94 on three agents is a red flag for OSA, not merely a coincidence — along with atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, stroke, insulin resistance, and a genuinely elevated motor vehicle accident risk that you must address at the visit. Treatment starts with weight loss, avoidance of alcohol and sedatives, and positional therapy, but the mainstay is CPAP, which splints the airway open pneumatically and improves sleepiness, blood pressure, and quality of life when it is actually worn. Adherence is the perennial problem, so troubleshoot mask fit and humidification rather than abandoning it. Oral appliances that advance the mandible are reasonable for mild to moderate disease or CPAP intolerance; surgery is a later-line option. For selected patients with moderate to severe OSA who cannot tolerate CPAP, hypoglossal nerve stimulation is now a common choice, while uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is reserved for selected patients with a correctable anatomic obstruction. Sorting the distractors: multiple sleep latency testing quantifies daytime sleepiness and is used to diagnose narcolepsy, not to establish OSA, and it is performed after a nocturnal study; empiric CPAP without testing skips the severity grading that guides therapy and documentation, and is not standard; the Epworth Sleepiness Scale is a subjective screening questionnaire — useful alongside STOP-BANG for stratifying risk, but it cannot diagnose anything; and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is a surgical treatment with modest and unpredictable success, never a diagnostic step, and referring before a sleep study puts the cart squarely before the horse.
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