The Daily PANCE and PANRE (Questions 1-30)
Questions 1-30
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Question 1 |
A 52-year-old male presents complaining of urinary frequency, with hesitancy, and nocturia for the past few months. During his physical examination, you note a nontender, non-enlarged prostate with an isolated right posterior lobe nodule. Which of the following options is most appropriate?
A | order a serum acid phosphatase level |
B | initiate prazosin and schedule a follow-up appointment in 6 weeks |
C | refer the patient for an ultrasound of the prostate and order a PSA level |
D | reassure the patient and schedule a follow-up appointment in six months |
E | initiate norfloxacin therapy for 7 days and schedule follow-up in two weeks |
Question 1 Explanation:
This patient has an isolated nodule of the prostate gland — cancer until proven otherwise. You should order an ultrasound and a PSA. BPH will present as a diffuse enlargement and not a discrete nodule.
Know Your NCCPA™ Content Blueprint
Prostate cancer is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Genitourinary System (6%).
Review Topic: Prostate Cancer
Question 2 |
Which term is used to describe the characteristic concave or "spoon-shaped" nails of iron deficiency anemia?
A | leukonychia Hint: Leukonychia is often associated with hypoalbuminaemia that causes partial or complete white discoloration of the nails. Leukonychia may also appear as a rare side effect of systemic chemotherapy in some oncological patients but may also be present with arsenic poisoning, renal failure pneumonia, or heart disease. |
B | koilonychia |
C | clubbing Hint: Clubbing of the nails is an actual thickening or elevation of the nail bed - it is a sign of release of TNF associated with pulmonary disorders (tissue necrosis factor) typically found in bronchiectasis, lung cancers and cystic fibrosis (the nails are NOT necessarily cyanotic.)
|
D | onycholysis Hint: Onycholysis is a painless separation of the nail from the nail bed. Several or all nails are usually affected - there are many causes. |
E | Paronychia Hint: Paronychia is an infection of the nail bed and nail margin, usually from trauma or more commonly, nail-biting. |
Question 2 Explanation:
Koilonychia is a spoon-shaping of the nail itself. It is usually a result of iron deficiency anemia.
- Leukonychia is often associated with hypoalbuminaemia that causes partial or complete white discoloration of the nails. Leukonychia may also appear as a rare side effect of systemic chemotherapy in some oncological patients but may also be present with arsenic poisoning, renal failure pneumonia, or heart disease.
- Clubbing of the nails is an actual thickening or elevation of the nail bed - it is a sign of a release of TNF associated with pulmonary disorders (tissue necrosis factor) typically found in bronchiectasis, lung cancers and cystic fibrosis (the nails are NOT necessarily cyanotic.)
- Onycholysis is a painless separation of the nail from the nail bed. Several or all nails are usually affected - there are many causes.
- Paronychia is an infection of the nail bed and nail margin, usually from trauma or more commonly, nail-biting.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Iron deficiency anemia is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Hematologic System (3%).
Review Topic: Iron Deficiency Anemia
Question 3 |
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of the nephrotic syndrome?
A | proteinuria |
B | hematuria |
C | hypoalbuminemia |
D | hyperlipidemia |
E | generalized edema |
Question 3 Explanation:
Hematuria is present in NEPHRITIC syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome characteristically includes proteinuria (>3.5 gm/day), with resulting low serum albumin, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hypercoagulability, and generalized edema (from oncotic third-spacing).
Know Your Content Blueprint
Nephrotic Syndrome is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Genitourinary System (6%)
Read more and watch a live ReelDx video case study at Smarty PANCE Nephrotic Syndrome
Question 4 |
A patient describes a history of recurrent bouts of uveitis. Her chemistry panel reveals elevated serum calcium and uric acid levels. Her anergy screen is negative. Her chest x-ray demonstrates bilateral hilar adenopathy. Which diagnosis is most likely?
A | Silicosis |
B | Sarcoidosis |
C | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency |
D | Histoplasmosis |
E | Tuberculosis |
Question 4 Explanation:
Sarcoid typically presents with hilar lymphadenopathy and noncaseating granulomas of the lungs (and other organs). In addition, patients may get eye involvement (uveitis). Elevations of ACE, calcium and uric acid are frequently seen.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Sarcoidosis is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Pulmonary System
Review Topic: Sarcoidosis
Question 5 |
A 34-old female presents complaining of symmetrical redness and swelling of the small joints of her hands (PIPs and MCPs). She has noted that the symptoms are worst in the morning. Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate is elevated and her rheumatoid factor is negative. Which of the following diagnosis is most likely?
A | progressive systemic sclerosis Hint: PSS involves squamous cell thickening and sclerosis causing taut skin of the face and hands and difficulty with esophageal motility. |
B | CREST syndrome Hint: CREST syndrome is a subset of PSS; |
C | osteoarthritis |
D | rheumatoid arthritis |
E | ankylosing spondylitis Hint: Ankylosing spondylitis would have an elevated ESR and negative RF, but mainly involves the SI joint and lumbar/thoracic spine fusion (bamboo spine) |
Question 5 Explanation:
In spite of the negative RF, Rheumatoid arthritis is the most likely diagnosis. RA characteristically includes small joint symmetrical arthritis, with an elevated ESR (therefore inflammatory, and not OA). 80% of patients with RA will have a positive RF, but 20% will be negative. PSS involves squamous cell thickening and sclerosis causing taut skin of the face and hands and difficulty with esophageal motility. CREST syndrome is a subset of PSS; Ankylosing spondylitis would have an elevated ESR and negative RF, but mainly involves the SI joint and lumbar/thoracic spine fusion (bamboo spine).
Know Your Content Blueprint
Rheumatoid Arthritis is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Musculoskeletal System (10%).
Review Topic: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Question 6 |
A 27-year-old nulliparous female presents because she's been trying to get pregnant for two years, but has failed. She relates a history of a misdiagnosis of appendicitis that lead to abscess formation when she was 14 years old. Which of the following diagnostic studies would be most helpful at this point in her evaluation?
A | TSH level Hint: The TSH level would not be indicated (she has not had a pg loss) |
B | hysterosalpingogram |
C | laparoscopy Hint: lap could diagnose the tubal scarring but would be done after an abnormal HSG |
D | PAP smear Hint: Pap smear is screening for cervical cancer and not indicated in this case of infertility; |
E | pelvic ultrasound Hint: pelvic US would yield nothing diagnostically about the tubes. |
Question 6 Explanation:
While I would disagree that invasive procedures like HSG should be done first-line, the thing to remember in this question is that the patient has reason to have tubal scarring from adhesions (and there is no better answer listed to choose), so, for a board exam I would choose this answer. The TSH level would not be indicated (she has not had a pg loss), lap could diagnose the tubal scarring but would be done after an abnormal HSG. Pap smear is screening for cervical cancer and not indicated in this case of infertility; and pelvic US would yield nothing diagnostically about the tubes.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Infertility is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Reproductive System (8%).
Review Topic: Infertility
Question 7 |
A 14-year-old is experiencing a severe asthma attack. Although he is using accessory muscles to breath, auscultation of his chest reveals no audible wheezing. His heart rate is 160 and his respiratory rate is 52. Which of the following arterial blood gases represents the worst prognosis?
A | pH = 7.52; pC02 = 28; p02 = 80 |
B | pH = 7.44; pC02 = 38; p02 = 70 |
C | pH = 7.60; pC02 = 18; p02 = 60 |
D | pH= 7.40; pC02 = 40; p02 = 60 |
E | pH = 7.27; pC02 - 62; p02 = 64 |
Question 7 Explanation:
This patient has an RR of 52. If she is ventilating, she is blowing off C02 (an acid) and would be alkalotic and should have a low C02. A pH which is acidic with a pC02 which is elevated means that she is no longer ventilating at all (she needs mechanical ventilation or she will die).
Know Your Content Blueprint
Acid/Base disorders are part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Genitourinary System (6%).
Review Topic: Acid/Base Disorders
Question 8 |
A 48-year-old nurse, with a body mass index of 31, presents for an evaluation of back pain. She relates that historically, she had a positive PPD test a year ago and did not follow-up as directed. She has recently been experiencing night sweats and coughing. An x-ray of her lumbar spine reveals osteopenia and cortical breakdown of vertebral bodies L4 and L5. Which of the following diagnosis is most suspect?
A | compression fractures secondary to obesity |
B | degenerative joint disease |
C | Potts disease |
D | compression fractures secondary to osteoporosis |
E | spondylolisthesis |
Question 8 Explanation:
Pott's disease is TB of the spine. She could have any of the other diseases; but the question states that she had a positive PPD and did not take meds...that is the clue that she has active TB in the spine.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Tuberculosis is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Pulmonary System (12%).
Read more and watch a ReelDx™ patient case video presentation at Smarty PANCE Tuberculosis
Question 9 |
While suturing a wound, you opt to use lidocaine with epinephrine. The rationale for your choice is:
A | an increase in the absorption of the lidocaine. |
B | an increase in the diffusion of the lidocaine into the nerve's myelin sheath. |
C | an increase in the blood flow to the area of injection. |
D | an increase in the duration of anesthesia. |
E | a decrease in the risk of infection at the site of injection. |
Question 9 Explanation:
Lidocaine with epinephrine both increases the duration of anesthesia and decreases blood flow to the area of injection-i.e. penis, nose, fingers, toes.
Know Your Content Blueprint
This is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Musculoskeletal System (10%).
Read more and watch a ReelDx™ patient case video presentation at Smarty PANCE ReelDx Bonus Hand Laceration
Question 10 |
An EKG demonstrates a PR interval of 0.16 seconds, a P to QRS relationship of 1:1, a variable heart rate and an R to R interval that is noted to accelerate ad decelerate during the respiratory cycle. What is the diagnosis?
A | Wenckebach Hint: Wenckebach AVB would have a non-conducted P wave. |
B | third degree heart block Hint: Third degree AVB would have a non-conducted P wave. |
C | atrial fibrillation Hint: A fib would have no P waves and an irregularly irregular rhythm |
D | sinus arrhythmia |
E | atrial flutter Hint: A flutter would have "flutter waves" or a regular rhythm of 150. |
Question 10 Explanation:
This is sinus arrhythmia. Wenckebach & third-degree AVB would have a non-conducted P wave. A-fib would have no P waves and an irregularly irregular rhythm. A flutter would have "flutter waves" or a regular rhythm of 150.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Sinus arrhythmia is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Cardiology System (16%).
Take an EKG rhythm strip quiz
Question 11 |
A 42-year-old female presents after finding a firm, painless bump in her right eyelid. On examination, you note a 6 mm mass within the tarsus of the right eye. The skin is freely movable over the mass. The remainder of the ophthalmoscopic examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A | pterygium Hint: Pterygium involves the sclera. |
B | chalazion |
C | ectropion Hint: Ectropion is when the eyelid sags outwardly and the lid doesn't close well. |
D | external hordeolum Hint: Hordeolum are acute and red and painful. |
E | internal hordeolum Hint: Hordeolum are acute and red and painful. |
Question 11 Explanation:
A chalazion is a painless chronic mass in the eyelid.
- Hordeolum are acute and red and painful.
- Pterygium involves the sclera.
- Ectropion is when the eyelid sags outwardly and the lid doesn't close well.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Chalazion are covered part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint EENT (9%). Learn more about chalazion and hordeolum and view this ReelDx educational case at SMARTYPANCE hordeolum
Question 12 |
A 22-year-old patient was involved in an automobile accident and is comatose. Which of the following diagnostic modalities would be least useful in this patient's evaluation?
A | CT scan Hint: CT would be the imaging test of choice. |
B | skull radiographs |
C | MRI scan Hint: MRI should be done for a more chronic bleed. |
D | EEG Hint: EEG would help to establish brain activity. |
E | PET scan Hint: PET scan (while not done often) would establish physiologic function (uptake of glucose). |
Question 12 Explanation:
Of these choices, the skull film is LEAST useful. Whether or not the skull is fractured, any LOC in a head trauma requires imaging for bleeding.
- CT would be the imaging test of choice.
- MRI should be done for a more chronic bleed.
- EEG would help to establish brain activity.
- PET scan (while not done often) would establish physiologic function (uptake of glucose).
- A positive or negative plain film of the skull would supply NO FURTHER INFORMATION.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Head injuries are covered as part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Neurology System (6%). Learn more about intracranial hemorrhage and concussion injuries and view this ReelDx educational case
Question 13 |
Which white blood cell disorder is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome in 90% of cases?
A | chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Hint: CLL has no clear distinguishing feature except increased lymphocytes. |
B | acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Hint: ALL occurs in children. |
C | chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
D | acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Hint: AML is associated with Auer rods |
E | multiple myeloma Hint: Multiple myeloma has Bence-Jones protein. |
Question 13 Explanation:
Philadelphia Chromosome occurs in CML.
- ALL occurs in children.
- AML is associated with Auer rods.
- Multiple myeloma has Bence-Jones protein.
- CLL has no clear distinguishing feature except increased lymphocytes.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Acute and chronic myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Hematology System (3%). Review Topic: chronic myeloid leukemia
Question 14 |
Which of the following thyroid profiles is most compatible with a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism?
A | a low TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) level and a high T4 |
B | a low TSH level and a normal T4 |
C | a low TSH level and a low T4 |
D | a high TSH level and a low T4 |
E | a high TSH and a high T4 |
Question 14 Explanation:
Low T4 is diagnostic for low thyroid function. If the pituitary is normal (as in primary thyroid disease) the TSH should be high as the pituitary tries to stimulate the failing thyroid gland.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Diseases of the thyroid are covered as part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Endocrinology System (6%). Review Topic: Diseases of the thyroid gland
Question 15 |
All of the following are factors that predispose a patient to the development of gastroesophageal reflux EXCEPT:
A | hiatal hernia. |
B | pregnancy |
C | scleroderma. |
D | an incompetent esophageal sphincter |
E | pernicious anemia. |
Question 15 Explanation:
Pernicious anemia has no correlation with GERD. It is an autoimmune destruction of the gastric parietal cells that make intrinsic factor. Signs & symptoms are not present until B12 levels are very low (and include peripheral neuropathies and ataxia).
Know Your Content Blueprint
Gastroesophageal reflux is covered as part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint GI and Nutrition (10%)
Review Topic: Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Question 16 |
A patient with nonsevere chronic hypertension warrants antihypertensive medication use for the duration of her pregnancy. Which of the following is the first-line antihypertensive recommended for such patients?
A | hydralazine Hint: PO hydralazine (direct arteriolar vasodilator) may be added if needed to achieve and maintain target blood pressure |
B | captopril Hint: ACEIs and ARBs are contraindicated in pregnancy. |
C | labetalol |
D | losartan Hint: ACEIs and ARBs are contraindicated in pregnancy. |
E | clonidine Hint: Centrally acting agents (while not contraindicated) is not the first-line choice due to limited data in pregnancy |
Question 16 Explanation:
PO labetalol (β-blocker with α-blocking activity) or intermediate-acting or extended-release nifedipine (dihydropyridine CCB) are considered a first-line antihypertensive treatment for chronic hypertension in pregnancy.
- PO hydralazine (direct arteriolar vasodilator) may be added if needed to achieve and maintain target blood pressure.
- Methyldopa is also acceptable, but many patients will not achieve blood pressure goals or are bothered by its sedative effect at high doses.
- ACEIs (captopril) and ARBs (losartan) are contraindicated in pregnancy.
- Clonidine (a centrally acting agent), while not contraindicated, is not the first-line choice due to limited data in pregnancy.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Hypertension disorders in pregnancy are covered in the NCCPA Content Blueprint Reproductive System (8%). Learn more about hypertension disorders in pregnancy and take the lesson: hypertension disorders in pregnancy
Question 17 |
A 6-year-old child falls onto his right arm. An x-ray demonstrates a buckle in the cortices of the distal radius, proximal to the growth plate, without angulation. What is the term used to describe this fracture?
A | Salter-Harris Type III |
B | Salter Harris Type IV |
C | Salter Harris Type V |
D | torus |
E | greenstick Hint: Greenstick fracture is also common in children in long bones and is a fracture which "bends" the bone without fracturing it. |
Question 17 Explanation:
Torus or buckle fracture is most common in a child. This is proximal to the epiphyseal plate and so is not a Salter-Harris issue. Greenstick fracture is also common in children in long bones and is a fracture which "bends" the bone without fracturing it.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Fractures of the forearm, wrist, and hand are covered in the NCCPA Content Blueprint Musculoskeletal System (10%). Learn more about torus fractures, study the lesson flashcards and view ReelDx video cases at SMARTY PANCE Disorders of the forearm, wrist, and hand
Question 18 |
A 55-year-old male presents complaining of "difficulty writing" using his dominant hand and some "slurred" speech. He has a history of hypertension, DM type II, and hypertriglyceridemia. Which of the following would you anticipate to find on a CT scan of his head, as the explanation for his chief complaint?
A | hemorrhage in the distribution of his posterior cerebral artery |
B | hemorrhage in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery |
C | hypodensity measuring 12 mm by 21 mm in the distribution of the posterior cerebral artery |
D | hypodensity measuring 4 mm by 4 mm in the internal capsule |
E | calcifications bilaterally, in the third ventricles Hint: Calcifications are not indicative of stroke at all |
Question 18 Explanation:
The main clue in this question is that most strokes are ischemic - especially with THIS patient's history (ruling out hemorrhagic infarct - A & B). Calcifications (E) are not indicative of stroke at all.
When trying to decide between C & D - the size of the area needs to correlate with the patient's sxs. If the patient had a HUGE infarct (12 x 21) he would have significantly more sxs than just some slurred speech and difficulty writing. (In addition, as it turns out, the internal capsule is supplied by the MCA - which is the most common vessel involved in an ischemic stroke).
Know Your Content Blueprint
CVA and stroke are covered as part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Neurologic System (6%). Learn more about CVA and stroke, take the lesson quiz and view this ReelDx video case at SMARTY PANCE stroke
Question 19 |
A female in her third trimester of pregnancy developed hypertension, diffuse edema, proteinuria and hyperreflexia. She was treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate and is now hyporeflexic and drowsy. What do you prescribe now?
A | calcium |
B | diazepam |
C | an amphetamine |
D | additional magnesium |
E | oxygen |
Question 19 Explanation:
Pre-eclampsia causes hyperreflexia. Magnesium is the treatment. The sign of Mg toxicity is a loss of reflexes. This is treated with Calcium.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Pre-eclampsia is covered in the NCCPA™ Content Blueprint Reproductive System (8%). Learn more about hypertension in pregnancy and take the interactive lesson quiz at SMARTY PANCE Hypertension disorders in pregnancy
Question 20 |
This papulosquamous eruption is most common in young adults. A single oval patch is generally noted several days before a more generalized, fawn-colored rash erupts. This rash is most prevalent on the trunk, and the proximal upper and lower extremities. The rash spontaneously disappears over 5 to 6 weeks. The diagnosis is:
A | pityriasis rosea |
B | tinea corporis |
C | psoriasis |
D | atopic dermatitis |
E | sporotrichosis |
Question 20 Explanation:
This is the classic presentation of pityriasis rosea. Remember that the differential diagnosis includes secondary syphilis, so if a positive sexual history - consider ordering a VDRL/RPR. The "herald" patch which is described is pathognomonic for pityriasis.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Pityriasis rosea is covered as part of the NCCPA™ Dermatology Content Blueprint (5%). Review topic and view this ReelDx video case: pityriasis rosea (ReelDx)
Question 21 |
A patient presents complaining of generalized swelling. Her urine is positive for protein. Her serum testing reveals hyperlipidemia and hypoalbuminemia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A | cirrhosis |
B | nephrotic syndrome |
C | nephritic syndrome |
D | cystitits |
E | pyelonephritis |
Question 21 Explanation:
This is a classic presentation of nephrotic syndrome.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Nephrotic syndrome is covered in the NCCPA™ Content Blueprint Genitourinary System (6%). Review topic and watch this ReelDx video case: nephrotic syndrome (ReelDx)
Question 22 |
A patient is experiencing an acute exacerbation of asthma. Which of the following drugs would be the least useful in the management of this asthma attack?
A | albuterol |
B | cromolyn sodium |
C | prednisone |
D | theophyline |
E | epinephrine |
Question 22 Explanation:
Cromolyn is a mast cell stabilizer and must be present in the system PRIOR to the symptoms. It would be useless in a patient already having symptoms.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Asthma is part of the NCCPA Content Blueprint Pulmonary System (12%). Review Topic: Prostate Cancer
Question 23 |
A 34-year-old female patient presents to the ER with sharp pleuritic-type chest pain. An x-ray reveals pericarditis. On more careful questioning, the patient admits to polyarticular arthritis involving the small joints of her hands. Her obstetrical history is positive for two third-trimester spontaneous stillbirths. At this point, you would suspect which autoimmune process as the cause of her symptoms:
A | Rheumatoid arthritis |
B | Systemic Lupus Erythematosis |
C | Wegener's granulomatosis |
D | Sjogren's Syndrome |
E | Scleroderma |
Question 23 Explanation:
40-60% of patients with SLE have serositis (pleuritis and pericarditis). That, combined with joint pains, habitual AB - should cause you to order an ANA.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is covered in the NCCPA™ Content Blueprint Blueprint Musculoskeletal System (10%). Review Topic: Systemic lupus erythematosus
Question 24 |
A patient with AIDS develops severe headaches. A CT scan demonstrates multiple ring-enhancing lesions of the brain. What diagnosis is most likely?
A | Toxoplasmosis |
B | Histoplasmosis |
C | lymphoma |
D | Cytomegalovirus Hint: CMV is common as well and typically causes retinitis. |
E | Herpes encephalitis Hint: Herpes encephalitis can happen frequently too, but causes a diffuse encephalitis. |
Question 24 Explanation:
Toxo occurs commonly in HTV and is a parasitic infection causing ring-enhancing lesions (but lots of things can cause ring-enhancing lesions).
- CMV is common as well and typically causes retinitis.
- Herpes encephalitis can happen frequently too but causes a diffuse encephalitis.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Toxoplasmosis is covered in the NCCPA™ Content Blueprint Infectious Disease (3%). Review Topic: Toxoplasmosis
Question 25 |
A Caucasian male has a history of a meconium ileus as a newborn, steatorrhea and a positive sweat test. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A | von Gierke's disease Hint: Von Gierke disease is a condition in which the body cannot break down glycogen for energy. Gycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and is normally broken down into glucose when you do not eat.
Von Gierke disease is also called Type I glycogen storage disease (GSD I). |
B | Hurler's syndrome |
C | cystic fibrosis |
D | Hunter's syndrome |
E | Cri du chat syndrome |
Question 25 Explanation:
This is the classic presentation of cystic fibrosis.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Cystic fibrosis is covered in the NCCPA™ Content Blueprint Pulmonary System (12%). Review Topic: cystic fibrosis
Question 26 |
A 32-year-old male presents with dyspnea and a nonproductive cough. His is tachycardic, tachypneic and febrile. Auscultation of his chest reveals scattered rhonchi. His chest x-ray demonstrates a diffuse interstitial infiltrate. His ABG demonstrates moderate hypoxemia, and his LDH is elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A | Streptococcal pneumoniae pneumonia Hint: S. pneumo is the most common CAP, but would present with a focal/lobar consolidation |
B | Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia Hint: While mycoplasma patients can be acutely ill, they are more likely (especially on the Boards) to present as mildly ill with normal PE and no hypoxia. |
C | Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
|
D | Bowen's disease |
E | Steven-Johnson syndrome |
Question 26 Explanation:
Many AIDS patients present initially with PJP. These are the classic sns & sxs of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (previously classified as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or PCP). While mycoplasma patients can be acutely ill, they are more likely (especially on the Boards) to present as mildly ill with normal PE and no hypoxia. S. pneumo is the most common CAP, but would present with a focal/lobar consolidation.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is covered in the NCCPA™ Content Blueprint Pulmonary System (12%). Review Topic: HIV-related pneumonia
Question 27 |
A patient describes a history of a "curtain being brought down over my right eye it stayed there for a few minutes then was lifted back up." In which of the following arteries is the etiology of this complaint located?
A | anterior cerebral |
B | middle cerebral |
C | posterior cerebral |
D | internal carotid |
E | external carotid |
Question 27 Explanation:
This is amaurosis fugax....a form of "TIA" of the optic artery — it arises from the
internal carotid - most common location for occlusion in TIA.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Retinal vascular occlusion is covered in the NCCPA™ EENT Content Blueprint (9%). Review Topic: Retinal vascular occlusion
Question 28 |
Upon review of an EKG you notice periodic, repetitively absent QRS complexes and "grouped beating." Which of the following is the explanation?
A | third degree heart block Hint: in third degree, there is no rhyme or reason to the rhythm. |
B | Mobitz Type II heart block Hint: In Mobitz II, the PR intervals are the same - so no "grouped" beating |
C | Mobitz Type I heart block |
D | first degree heart block |
E | sinus tachycardia |
Question 28 Explanation:
I don't like the wording of this question, but typically "group beating" suggests Wenckebach. The fact that there are absent QRS complexes means there is a second or third-degree AVB. In Mobitz II, the PR intervals are the same - so no "grouped" beating, in Third degree, there is no rhyme or reason to the rhythm. In Wenckebach, the rhythm "repeats", causing a "regularly irregular" rhythm.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Mobitz Type I heart block is covered in the NCCPA™ Content Blueprint Cardiology System (16%). View Topic: Atrioventricular block
Question 29 |
A 14-month-old female is brought to your office with a 3-day history of a fever of 104 degrees rectally. Suddenly, today, the fever stopped and a rash developed. Examination reveals a diffuse, fine, maculopapular rash. Presently, the child does not appear ill. The most likely diagnosis is:
A | rubella Hint: Rubella has mild illness with a fine macular ras |
B | rubeola Hint: Rubeola (measles) is an acute illness, the child is toxic, has conjunctivitis and Koplik spots. |
C | erythema infectiosum (Fifth's disease) Hint: Fifth's disease has mild illness with a "lacey" rash on the extremities. |
D | Roseola |
E | chicken pox Hint: Chicken pox has vesicles. |
Question 29 Explanation:
This is typical for Roseola.
- Rubella is a mild illness with a fine macular rash.
- Rubeola (measles) is an acute illness, the child is toxic, has conjunctivitis and Koplik spots.
- Fifth's disease has mild illness with a "lacey" rash on the extremities.
- Chickenpox has vesicles.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Roseola is covered in the NCCPA™ Content Infectious Disease (3%). Review Topic: Roseola (HHV 6)
Question 30 |
At what age does the first tooth usually erupt in an infant?
A | 2-4 months Hint: See B for explanation |
B | 6-8 months |
C | 10-12 months |
D | 14-16 months |
Question 30 Explanation:
The first tooth in an infant to erupt is the central incisor at the average age of 6-8 months.
Know Your Content Blueprint
Pediatric developmental milestones are covered as part of the NCCPA™ Psychiatry Content Blueprint. View Topic: Pediatric developmental milestones
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