Arrhythmia: Atrial fibrillation, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, sick sinus syndrome/bradycardia
- Hx: Palpitations, syncope
- PE: Irregular rhythm, pauses
- DX: ECG, event recorder, Holter monitor, stress testing
Myocardial: Cardiomyopathies, coronary ischemia
- Hx: Dyspnea on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, chest pain or tightness, prior coronary artery disease or atrial fibrillation
- PE: Edema, JVD, S3, displaced cardiac apical impulse, hepatojugular reflex, murmur, crackles, wheezing, tachycardia, S4
- Dx: ECG, brain natriuretic peptide, echocardiography, stress testing, coronary angiography
Restrictive: Constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion/tamponade
- Hx: chest pain, dyspnea
- PE: Paradoxical pulse (exaggerated variation in blood pressure with respiration).
- Dx: EKG showing low voltage QRS along with electric alternans (see media section). Echocardiogram with increased pericardial fluid. Radiograph: Water bottle heart
Valvular: Aortic insufficiency/stenosis, congenital heart disease, mitral valve insufficiency/stenosis
- Hx: Dyspnea on exertion
- PE: Murmur, JVD
- Dx: Echocardiography
