PANCE Blueprint Pulmonary (10%)

• ⇑ Permeability of alveolar-capillary membranes ⇒ development of protein-rich pulmonary edema (non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema)
• ARDS can occur in those who are critically ill or who have significant injuries ⇒ sepsis (most common), severe trauma, aspiration of gastric contents, near-drowning

People with ARDS have severe shortness of breath and often are unable to breathe on their own without support from a ventilator

• • Rapid onset of profound dyspnea occurring 12-24 hours after the precipitating event
  • Tachypnea, pink frothy sputum, crackles

Chest radiograph shows air bronchograms and bilaterally fluffy infiltrate

• Normal BNP, pulmonary wedge pressure, left ventricle function and echocardiogram

Treatment involves identifying and managing underlying conditions

• Tracheal intubation with the lowest level PEEP to maintain PaO2 >60mmHg or SaO2 >90
• ARDS is often fatal, the risk increases with age and severity of illness

Diagnosis and monitor with peak flow. PFT's: Greater than 12% increase in FEV1 after bronchodilator therapy

• FEV1 to FVC ratio < 80% (You would expect the amount of air exhaled during the first second (FEV1) to be the greatest amount
• In asthma, since there is an obstruction (inflammation) you will have a decreased FEV1 and therefore a reduced FEV1 to FVC ratio

Treatment guidelines:

Mild Intermittent: Less than 2 times per week or 3-night symptoms per month

• Step 1: Short-acting beta2 agonist (SABA) PRN

Mild Persistent: More than 2 times per week or 3-4 night symptoms per month

• Step 2: Low-Dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) daily

Moderate Persistent: Daily symptoms or more than 1 nightly episode per week

• Step 3: Low-Dose ICS + Long-acting beta2 agonist (LABA) daily
• Step 4: Medium-Dose ICS +LABA daily

Severe Persistent: Symptoms several times per day and nightly

• Step 5: High-Dose ICS +LABA daily
• Step 6: High-Dose ICS +LABA +oral steroids daily

Acute treatment:

Oxygen, nebulized SABA, ipratropium bromide, and oral corticosteroids

• Abnormally thick mucus, difficulty clearing mucus

Presentation: Recurrent respiratory infections (especially Pseudomonas), steatorrhea

Diagnosis: Quantitative sweat chloride test

CXR may reveal hyperinflation, mucus plugging, and focal atelectasis

Treatment:

• Maintenance: Chest physiotherapy, high-fat diet, supplement fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
• Acute exacerbations: Antibiotics

• Most often food and can be life-threatening. 80% in mainstem or lobar bronchus right > left
• Risk factors include institutionalization, advanced age, poor dentition, alcohol, sedative use

Presentation (depends on the location of obstruction)

• Inspiratory stridor (if high in the airway) or wheezing and decreased breath sounds (if low in the airway)

CXR (expiratory radiograph) may reveal regional hyperinflation of the affected side

• ABG - necessary for appropriately evaluating ventilation, may be useful for following the progression of respiratory failure when it is of concern

Treatment: Remove foreign body with a bronchoscope

• Rigid bronchoscopy preferred in children while flexible is diagnostic and therapeutic in adults
• Complications include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asphyxia

• Population: Preterm newborn
• Chest radiograph: Ground glass appearance, air bronchograms, bilateral atelectasis

Treatment: Ventilation and steroids

• Etiology: ½ of cases are due to cystic fibrosis
• Presentation: Copious foul-smelling sputum, frequent respiratory infections, chronic cough
• Radiograph: Dilated, thickened airways, and scattered opacities. “Tram-tracks”, CXR shows plate-like atelectasis

Treatment: Chest physiotherapy and antibiotics for acute exacerbations